Defending Inequality

Defending Inequality
by Rev. Rory McClure

The last time humans had an equal society where everyone had the same standard of living was in the stone age. Everyone shared what they had with others and everyone had the same level of education. This equal society was so horrible that we have spent the last few thousand years trying to escape the disease, starvation and unrelenting suffering created by this equal society. Each time communists and socialists have tried to recreate an equal society, they have also recreated the disease, starvation and unrelenting suffering of an equal society.

Thankfully, communism failed and so today there is not a single country on earth that has equality of income and equality of standard of living. Today, even the poorest family living in the filthiest shantytown in the third world will avoid most of the diseases, eat more daily calories and live longer than nearly everyone in the stone age. All thanks to inequality.

One of the most obvious things about our world is how delightfully unequal it is. Physically, the further north or south or the higher you go, the colder it gets. The closer to the equator you go, the hotter and sunnier it gets. Some parts of the world have lots of islands or peninsulas, like Europe or South-East Asia, which great for transporting things cheaply by sea. Other parts of the world are made up of huge continents, which makes transporting things much more expensive. Some parts of the world are prone to tropical diseases and dangerous animals and others aren’t. Although this inequality can be tragic, it is also the only thing that allows the huge variety of beauty we find in nature. Given that our planet is so unequal, why should anyone be surprised that countries should have developed unequally to each other?

People are also delightfully unequal to each other. They are unequal in their age and in their hight. They are unequal in their interests and in education. They unequal in their family background, culture, beliefs, trustworthiness, motivations, creativity, and ethics. They are unequal in their passion for sport or music or the arts. In fact, the only thing that distinguishes one person from another is that the are not equal to each other.

The words and the letters that make up this sentence are not equal to each other either. Equality of words and letters looks like this: xxxx, xxxx, xxxx, xxxx.ย  Equality of colours would be green, green, green, green. Equality of musical notes would be B-flat, B-flat, B-flat, B-flat. Equality of sport would be badminton, badminton, badminton. Equality of food would be carrots, carrots, carrots. In other words, the more you increase equality, the more you increase meaninglessness, conformity and monotony. Equality is an essential mathematical concept. 1+5 = 3+3. It is an essential scientific concept. E = MC2. However equality is a terrible thing to impose onto human beings. Human societies are are not equation to be solved. You are not a substance to be forced into a mould, nor can I be reduced to a statistic. Everything that make me me also makes me unequal to you. Everything that makes you you also makes you unequal to me and to everyone else.

Inequality between people is an essential precondition for human flourishing and social harmony. The more a culture develops and the freer it becomes, the more each man is able to develop everything that is unique about himself. He is free to pursue his greatest priorities. The priority of some people is the pursuit of excellence in education. The priority of others is excellence in sport. For others it is the comforting acceptance of compromise and the enjoyment of entertainment created by others. A minority of children grow up to be astonishingly creative. Others grow up to become entrepreneurs or business leaders, sports stars or famous actors or singers. But none of them ever remain the greatest in their field. They all peak and then decline. After that, they are replaced by someone else who is richer or more talented. Everyone grows up to find an ever changing place in the ever shifting spectrum between those at the very top and those at the bottom. No one canย  remain equal to who they once were, nor to whom they will become.

The fact that we are all unequal allows us to specialise in what we are good at, and maybe even become better at it. Sometimes this allows us to specialise in our passion. Sometimes it allows us to specialise in what we are good at so that we can earn enough to pursue our passion. Some people specialise in starting and running a business to out of pure passion and delight. Other successful entrepreneurs manage do the same thing out of sheer determination to overcome all the stress and disappointments. Few people have these gifts and few people need them. For the rest of us, the stress of running a business and the risk of loosing everything if it fails isn’t worth it. It is easier to be an employee than it is an employer, so we work for someone else. For some of us, we get paid to do what we love. For the rest of us, we get the best job on offer so we can get paid enough to do something more worthwhile with our spare time.

Since we want to get paid more so that we can do more of what we love, we end up trying to find the employer who would be willing to pay us to do something we want to do. I may love playing tiddlywinks, but if no one wants pay me to watch me play tiddlywinks then I’ll have to to find an employer to pay me for my burger-flipping skills or carpentry skills so that I can play tiddlywinks. The fact that burger-flipping is an easy skill to pick up and carpentry is a harder skill to master might mean that I’ll get paid more for being a carpenter than for being a burger-flipper. If I can, I’ll get a job as a carpenter, but if no one wants to employ me as a carpenter, I’ll flip burgers for less money. At least I won’t have to clean toilets or cut grass. There are also plenty of other people that would prefer to do either of these things, rather than flip burgers. Thanks to them I can enjoy clean toilets at the pub, even if I don’t care that a fraction of what I paid for my pint went towards the pay of the toilet cleaner. I can also take the shortcut home across the park, unaware that the man who cut the grass eats the burgers I flip and helps to pay my wages.

Inequality binds all of us together into a network of mutual dependence on each other and mutual benefit to each other. Inequality allows the less gifted to grow in their self-respect, knowing that even with their limitations, they can still be of such benefit to an employer or to a customer that he is will be to pay her for her time and labour. In return, inequality allows the less gifted to benefit from the greater strengths of the more gifted by living in the houses they designed, watching the movies they created and being healed by the drugs they developed. Income inequality is also essential to benefit the poor. Without wealth inequality, the rich will not have the money available to invest in building new industries to provide the poor with jobs and more goods and services at a price they can afford. Inequality is essential if we are going to see the poorest people in Britain live in heated houses, have plenty to eat and gain access to the comforts and pleasures of life.

There is only one thing that is able to treat all people equally: Death. There is only one thing that unites all of life: Inequality. Therefore inequality ought be celebrated and defended with the same fervour that we ought to fear equality. If you disagree with me, you must do so by saying that my defence of inequality is inferior and therefore unequal to your quest for equality. You must steal from the riches of of my defence of inequality to in order build your bankrupt ideology of equality, whereas I can declare your ideology as inferior and unequal to mine, precisely because of inequality. I can joyfully accept your inferior views as an illustration of one of many inferior and unequal beliefs. While I must fear the consequences of your desire to force me to conform to your ideal of equality, the only thing you need to fear from me is being exposed as a tyrant and a fraud. You can keep your equality and death. I’m sticking to inequality and life.

 


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6 comments


  1. I find it highly unlikely that all were equal in the stone age. Some tribes richer than others and all had internal hierarchy I suspect.

    And by the writer’s argument it took inequality to discover bronze and move on!

    Writer seems not to understand the distinction between equality and sameness.


  2. There wasn’t ‘equality’ in the Stone Age. ‘Inequality’ amongst all living things has existed since the first microbes appeared in the primeval slime.

    Some Stone Age men were bigger, stronger, and more dominant than others, and therefore got more out of the community.

    The existence of Alpha Males, is a feature of animal evolution and, as with capitalism, their presence gave lesser mortals the chance to prosper by settling for the crumbs from their table, and to do better for themselves, by co-operating with their superiors

    No ‘defence’ of ‘inequality’ is required or appropriate at all. Any more than a defence of the law of gravity is. It’s there and that’s the end of it.

    Neither is the continued existence of ‘inequality’ associated with the ‘failure of Communism’.

    Communism, by it’s very nature involves inequality of status within the ordered society it creates. Some people and families are better at exploiting the Communist social environment than are others.

    But that in itself isn’t ‘failure’ either. How could a world involving human beings and other living things be any other way?

    The only time we will all be truly ‘equal’, is when we are all dead.


  3. ะฃะดะธะฒะปัะตั‚ ะฟะพะทะธั†ะธั ะฐะฒั‚ะพั€ะฐ. ะžะฝ ะฝะต ะฟะพะฝะธะผะฐะตั‚ ั‡ั‚ะพ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐ ะฒ ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดะต ะฝะฐะผะฝะพะณะพ ัั„ั„ะตะบั‚ะธะฒะฝะตะน ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ั‹ ะฟะพะพะดะธะฝะพั‡ะบะต. ะŸะพ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธัะผ ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะธั€ัƒัŽั‰ะธะต ะพั€ะณะฐะฝะธะทะฐั†ะธะธ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐัŽั‚ ะผะตะฝะตะต ัั„ั„ะตะบั‚ะธะฒะฝะพ ั‡ะตะผ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐัŽั‰ะธะต.
    ะ”-ั€ ะ”ัะฒะธะด ะฃ. ะ”ะถะพะฝัะพะฝ ะธ ะด-ั€ ะ ะพะดะถะตั€ ะข. ะ”ะถะพะฝัะพะฝ, ะฟั€ะพั„ะตััะพั€ะฐ ะฃะฝะธะฒะตั€ัะธั‚ะตั‚ะฐ ะœะธะฝะฝะตัะพั‚ั‹ ะธ ัะพ-ะดะธั€ะตะบั‚ะพั€ะฐ Cooperative Learning Center ัะพะณะปะฐัˆะฐัŽั‚ัั ะธ ะดะพะฑะฐะฒะปััŽั‚, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะธ ะฟัะธั…ะพะปะพะณะธะธ ะธะผะตะปะธ ั€ะฐะทะฝะพะณะปะฐัะธั ะฟะพ ัั‚ะพะผัƒ ะฒะพะฟั€ะพััƒ ะฒ ั‚ะตั‡ะตะฝะธะต ะผะฝะพะณะธั… ะปะตั‚. ะ ะพะดะถะตั€ ะ”ะถะพะฝัะพะฝ ะพะฑัŠััะฝัะตั‚: ยซะ•ัะปะธ ะผั‹ ั…ะพั‚ะธะผ ะฝะฐัƒั‡ะธั‚ัŒ ะปัŽะดะตะน ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ, ะฟะตะดะฐะณะพะณะธะบะฐ ะธ ะฟัะธั…ะพะปะพะณะธั ะดะพะปะถะฝั‹ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐั‚ัŒ ะฒะผะตัั‚ะต. ะŸะพัะผะพั‚ั€ะธั‚ะต, ั‚ะธะฟะธั‡ะฝั‹ะน ัƒั‡ะธั‚ะตะปัŒ ะฒ ะบะปะฐััะต ัƒั‡ะธั‚ ัั‚ัƒะดะตะฝั‚ะพะฒ ะดะตั€ะถะฐั‚ัŒัั ั‚ะธั…ะพ ะธ ะพั‚ะดะตะปัŒะฝะพ ะดั€ัƒะณ ะพั‚ ะดั€ัƒะณะฐ, ะบะพัะฒะตะฝะฝะพ ะฟะพะพั‰ั€ัั ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั†ะธัŽ. ะขะตะผ ะฝะต ะผะตะฝะตะต, ะปัŽะดะธ ัƒั‡ะฐั‚ัั ะปัƒั‡ัˆะต ะฒัะตะณะพ, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะพะฝะธ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐัŽั‚ ัะพะฒะผะตัั‚ะฝะพ ะดั€ัƒะณ ั ะดั€ัƒะณะพะผ. ะ”ะตั‚ะธ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะธัะฟั‹ั‚ะฐะปะธ ัั‚ะพั‚ ะฒะธะด ะพะฑัƒั‡ะตะฝะธั ะฒ ั€ะฐะฝะฝะตะผ ะฒะพะทั€ะฐัั‚ะต, ะฟั€ะพะฝะพััั‚ ะตะณะพ ั ัะพะฑะพะน ะฟะพ ะผะตั€ะต ะฒะทั€ะพัะปะตะฝะธัยป. ะ”ัะฒะธะด ะ”ะถะพะฝัะพะฝ ะดะพะฑะฐะฒะปัะตั‚: ยซะ‘ะพะปัŒัˆะธะฝัั‚ะฒะพ ัั‚ัƒะดะตะฝั‚ะพะฒ ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒัƒัŽั‚ ัะตะฑั ะปัƒั‡ัˆะต, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะพะฝะธ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐัŽั‚. ะ˜ั… ัะฐะผะพะพั†ะตะฝะบะฐ ะฟะพะฒั‹ัˆะฐะตั‚ัั, ัƒ ะฝะธั… ะฒั‹ัˆะต ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒะพ ะพะฑั‰ะฝะพัั‚ะธ, ะฟั€ะธะฝะฐะดะปะตะถะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะธ ะฟั€ะธะฝัั‚ะธะต. ะœะพะถะฝะพ ั‚ะฐะบะถะต ัะบัั‚ั€ะฐะฟะพะปะธั€ะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ัั‚ะพั‚ ะฒั‹ะฒะพะด ะบ ะปัŽะฑะพะน ะพะฑัั‚ะฐะฝะพะฒะบะตยป.

    ะฃั‡ะตะฑะฝั‹ะน ั†ะตะฝั‚ั€ ะทะฐะฝะธะผะฐะตั‚ัั ะธะทัƒั‡ะตะฝะธะตะผ ะธ ะพะฑัƒั‡ะตะฝะธะตะผ ะบะพะพะฟะตั€ะฐั‚ะธะฒะฝั‹ะผ ะฝะฐะฒั‹ะบะฐะผ ะฝะฐ ะฟั€ะพั‚ัะถะตะฝะธะธ ะฑะพะปะตะต 15 ะปะตั‚. ะŸะพ ัะปะพะฒะฐะผ ะ ะพะดะถะตั€ะฐ ะ”ะถะพะฝัะพะฝะฐ, ั†ะตะฝั‚ั€ ะพะฑะปะฐะดะฐะตั‚ ยซะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัะบะพะน ะฑะฐะทะพะน ะธะท ะฑะพะปะตะต ั‡ะตะผ 500 ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธะน, ะฝะฐั‡ะธะฝะฐั ั ั€ัƒะฑะตะถะฐ 20 ะฒะตะบะฐยป. ะžะฟะธั€ะฐัััŒ ะฝะฐ ัะฒะพะธ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัะบะธะต ะธ ัƒั‡ะตะฑะฝั‹ะต ั‚ั€ะฐะดะธั†ะธะธ, ะ”ะถะพะฝัะพะฝั‹ ะพะฑะตัะฟะพะบะพะตะฝั‹ ั‚ะตะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฝะฐ ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั†ะธะธ ะดะตะปะฐะตั‚ัั ัะปะธัˆะบะพะผ ัะธะปัŒะฝั‹ะน ะฐะบั†ะตะฝั‚. ะ‘ะพะปะตะต ั‚ะพะณะพ, ะพะฝะธ ัั‡ะธั‚ะฐัŽั‚, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะพะฑั‰ะตะฟั€ะธะฝัั‚ะฐั ัะธัั‚ะตะผะฐ ะพะฑัƒั‡ะตะฝะธั ั€ะฐะทั€ัƒัˆะฐะตั‚ ะบะพะพะฟะตั€ะฐั‚ะธะฒะฝั‹ะต ะฝะฐะฒั‹ะบะธ.

    ะ ะพะดะถะตั€ ะพะฑัŠััะฝัะตั‚: ยซะ•ัั‚ัŒ ะผะฝะพะณะพ ะฟั€ะธั‡ะธะฝ ะดะปั ะฑะตัะฟะพะบะพะนัั‚ะฒะฐ. ะะตะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะธะท ัั‚ะฐะฝะดะฐั€ั‚ะฝั‹ั… ัะฟะพัะพะฑะพะฒ, ั ะฟะพะผะพั‰ัŒัŽ ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ั… ะปัŽะดะธ ะบะพะณะดะฐ-ั‚ะพ ัƒั‡ะธะปะธััŒ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ โ€” ะดะพะผ, ั†ะตั€ะบะพะฒัŒ, ะพะฑั‰ะธะฝะฐ โ€” ัะตะณะพะดะฝั ะฝะต ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐัŽั‚ ั‚ะฐะบ, ะบะฐะบ ะพะฝะธ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐะปะธ ะฟะพะบะพะปะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐะทะฐะด. ะžะฑัƒั‡ะตะฝะธะต ะผะพะปะพะดั‹ั… ะปัŽะดะตะน ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒัƒ ะฝะต ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะธะปะพ ัะพะพั‚ะฒะตั‚ัั‚ะฒัƒัŽั‰ะธะน ัƒั€ะพะฒะตะฝัŒ ะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะตัะฐ. ยซะ’ ั€ะตะทัƒะปัŒั‚ะฐั‚ะต, ะฒะพัะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะธะต ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั†ะธะธ ะฝะต ะพัะปะฐะฑะตะฒะฐะตั‚. ะ›ะธัˆัŒ ะฝะตะผะฝะพะณะธะต ะพะฑัƒั‡ะฐัŽั‚, ะฟั€ะฐะบั‚ะธะบัƒัŽั‚ ะธะปะธ ัะพะดะตะนัั‚ะฒัƒัŽั‚ ะปัƒั‡ัˆะตะน ะธะดะตะตยป.

    ะ”ะถะพะฝัะพะฝั‹ ะฑะพั€ัŽั‚ัั ั ัั‚ะพะน ะฟั€ะพะฑะปะตะผะพะน ั‡ะตั€ะตะท ะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต. ะ“ะพะฒะพั€ะธั‚ ะ”ัะฒะธะด ะ”ะถะพะฝัะพะฝ: ยซะฅะพั‚ั ะผั‹ ะฟั€ะพะฒะพะดะธะผ ะฝะตะบะพั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ ั ะบั€ัƒะฟะฝั‹ะผ ะฑะธะทะฝะตัะพะผ, ะผั‹ ะฟั€ะตะดะฟะพั‡ะธั‚ะฐะตะผ ะฒะทะฐะธะผะพะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ัะพ ัˆะบะพะปัŒะฝะพะน ัะธัั‚ะตะผะพะน. ะขะฐะบะธะผ ะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะผ, ะผั‹ ัƒั‡ะธะผ ัั‚ัƒะดะตะฝั‚ะพะฒ โ€” ัะปะตะดัƒัŽั‰ะตะต ะฟะพะบะพะปะตะฝะธะต ะฑะธะทะฝะตัะฐ โ€” ะบะฐะบ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ, ะธ ะพะบะฐะทั‹ะฒะฐะตะผ ะบะพัะฒะตะฝะฝะพะต ะฒะปะธัะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ะบะพั€ะฟะพั€ะฐั‚ะธะฒะฝัƒัŽ ะะผะตั€ะธะบัƒ. ะ›ัŽะดะธ, ะตะดะธะฝะพะถะดั‹ ะธัะฟั‹ั‚ะฐะฒัˆะธะต ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ, ะฟะพะฝะธะผะฐัŽั‚, ั‡ั‚ะพ ัั‚ะพ ะปัƒั‡ัˆะธะน ะธ ะดะฐะถะต ะฑะพะปะตะต ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะพะน ัะฟะพัะพะฑยป.

    ะŸะพั…ะพะถะต, ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ะธะผะตะตั‚ ะฒะพะทะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธะต ะฝะฐ ะพั‚ะดะตะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ะปะธั†, ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐัŽั‰ะธั… ัะพะฒะผะตัั‚ะฝะพ ะฒ ั€ะฐะทะปะธั‡ะฝั‹ั… ะบะปัŽั‡ะตะฒั‹ั… ะพะฑะปะฐัั‚ัั…. ะžะฝะพ ะฝะต ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ัะพะทะดะฐะตั‚ ะฑะพะปะตะต ะณะธะฑะบะพะต ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‚ะฒะพ, ะฝะพ ะธ ะฟะพะทะฒะพะปัะตั‚ ะบะฐะถะดะพะผัƒ ัƒั‡ะฐัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฐะบั‚ะธะฒะฝะตะต, ะฝะต ะฑะพัััŒ ะพััƒะถะดะตะฝะธั. ะกะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ั‚ะฐะบะถะต ะธะผะตะตั‚ ะฒะปะธัะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ะฒะพัะฟั€ะธัั‚ะธะต ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตะบะพะผ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‡ะตะน ัั€ะตะดั‹.

    ะ•ั‰ะต ะพะดะฝะฐ ะพะฑะปะฐัั‚ัŒ, ะฝะฐ ะบะพั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ะฝะตะฟะพัั€ะตะดัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒะปะธัะตั‚ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ, ะบะฐะบ ะฝะธ ัƒะดะธะฒะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพ, ะทะดะพั€ะพะฒัŒะต. ะฃะฒะปะตะบะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพะต ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต, ะฟั€ะพะฒะตะดะตะฝะฝะพะต ะฆะตะฝั‚ั€ะพะผ, ะธะทัƒั‡ะฐะปะพ ัั‚ะฐั‚ะธัั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะธ ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั‚ะพัะฟะพัะพะฑะฝั‹ั… ั…ะพะบะบะตะธัั‚ะพะฒ. ะ’ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธะธ ั€ะฐััะผะฐั‚ั€ะธะฒะฐะปะฐััŒ ัะฒัะทัŒ ะผะตะถะดัƒ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพะผ / ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั†ะธะตะน ะธ ะฟัะธั…ะธั‡ะตัะบะธะผ, ัƒะผัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝั‹ะผ ะธ ั„ะธะทะธั‡ะตัะบะธะผ ะทะดะพั€ะพะฒัŒะตะผ. ะฆะตะฝั‚ั€ ะพั†ะตะฝะธะฒะฐะป 57 ะธะณั€ะพะบะพะฒ ะธะท ะบะพะปะปะตะดะถะตะน ะธ ะฟะพะปัƒะฟั€ะพั„ะตััะธะพะฝะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ั…ะพะบะบะตะธัั‚ะพะฒ (ะฒ ะฒะพะทั€ะฐัั‚ะต 18-29 ะปะตั‚), ะพั‚ะฑะธั€ะฐะฒัˆะธั…ัั ะดะปั ะพะปะธะผะฟะธะนัะบะพะน ัะฑะพั€ะฝะพะน ะฒ 1980 ะณะพะดัƒ. ะ˜ัะฟะพะปัŒะทัƒั ัะปะพะถะฝั‹ะต ะฟะตั€ัะพะฝะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ะพั†ะตะฝะบะธ ะฟะพ ัˆะบะฐะปะต ัะพั†ะธะฐะปัŒะฝะพะณะพ ะฒะทะฐะธะผะพะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธั, ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐั‚ะตะปะธ ะพะฑะฝะฐั€ัƒะถะธะปะธ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ะดะฐะตั‚ ะณะพั€ะฐะทะดะพ ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะต, ั‡ะตะผ ะฟะพะผะพั‰ัŒ ะปะฐะดะธั‚ัŒ ะผะตะถะดัƒ ัะพะฑะพะน.

    ะกะพะณะปะฐัะฝะพ ัั‚ะพะผัƒ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธัŽ, ัะบะปะพะฝะฝั‹ะต ะบ ะฑะพะปะตะต ั‚ะตัะฝะพะผัƒ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒัƒ ะธะณั€ะพะบะธ ะฑั‹ะปะธ ะปัƒั‡ัˆะต ัะบะพั€ั€ะตะบั‚ะธั€ะพะฒะฐะฝั‹ ะฟัะธั…ะพะปะพะณะธั‡ะตัะบะธ ะธ ะฑั‹ะปะธ ั„ะธะทะธั‡ะตัะบะธ ะทะดะพั€ะพะฒะตะต, ั‡ะตะผ ะธั… ะฑะพะปะตะต ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั‚ะพัะฟะพัะพะฑะฝั‹ะต ะบะพะปะปะตะณะธ. ะšะฐะถะตั‚ัั, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั†ะธั, ะธะปะธ ะฟะพัั‚ะพัะฝะฝะพะต ะพั‰ัƒั‰ะตะฝะธะต, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฒั‹ ะดะพะปะถะฝั‹ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐั‚ัŒ ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ั‡ะตะณะพ-ั‚ะพ, ะธะผะตะตั‚ ะฝะตะทะดะพั€ะพะฒั‹ะต ั„ะธะทะธั‡ะตัะบะธะต ะฟะพะฑะพั‡ะฝั‹ะต ัั„ั„ะตะบั‚ั‹. ะกะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ะธ ะดั€ัƒะณะธะต ะผะพะดะตะปะธ ะฟั€ะพัะพั†ะธะฐะปัŒะฝะพะณะพ / ะฑะตัะบะพั€ั‹ัั‚ะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะพะฒะตะดะตะฝะธั, ะบะฐะบ ะฟั€ะฐะฒะธะปะพ, ะดะฐัŽั‚ ะฟะพะปะพะถะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝั‹ะน ัั„ั„ะตะบั‚.

    ะšั€ะพะผะต ั‚ะพะณะพ, ะธะผะตัŽั‚ัั ะดะฐะฝะฝั‹ะต, ัะฒะธะดะตั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒัƒัŽั‰ะธะต ะพ ั‚ะพะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ัะพะทะดะฐะตั‚ ะฒะธะด ยซัะนั„ะพั€ะธะธ ะฑะตะณัƒะฝะฐยป. ะฅะพั‚ั ะดะฐะฝะฝะพะต ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะฝะต ัะฒะปัะตั‚ัั ะพะบะพะฝั‡ะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝั‹ะผ, ะพะฝะพ ะผะฝะพะณะพะพะฑะตั‰ะฐัŽั‰ะต. ะšะฐะบ ะธ ะปัŽะดะธ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ั€ะตะณัƒะปัั€ะฝะพ ะทะฐะฝะธะผะฐั‚ัŒัั ัะฟะพั€ั‚ะพะผ, ยซะบะพะพะฟะตั€ะฐั‚ะธะฒะฝั‹ะตยป ะธ ะฟะพะผะพะณะฐัŽั‰ะธะต ะดั€ัƒะณะธะผ ะปัŽะดะธ ั‚ะฐะบะถะต ะธัะฟั‹ั‚ั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‚ ยซัะนั„ะพั€ะธัŽ ะฑะตะณัƒะฝะฐยป, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ะผะพะถะฝะพ ะปัƒั‡ัˆะต ะพะฟะธัะฐั‚ัŒ ะบะฐะบ ัะฟะพะบะพะนัั‚ะฒะธะต ะธะปะธ ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒะพ ัะฒะพะฑะพะดั‹ ะพั‚ ัั‚ั€ะตััะฐ. ะšะฐะบ ะพั‚ะผะตั‡ะฐัŽั‚ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐั‚ะตะปะธ, ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ, ะฐ ะฝะต ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั†ะธั, ัะฒะปัะตั‚ัั ะฟั€ะตะดะฟะพั‡ั‚ะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพะน.

    ะ˜ ะตั‰ะต ะปัŽะดะธ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ั€ะฐะทะฒะธะฒะฐัŽั‚ัั ะฟะพะทะธั†ะธัŽ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ, ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒัƒัŽั‚ ะปัƒั‡ัˆะธะน ะบะพะฝั‚ั€ะพะปัŒ ะฝะฐะด ัะฒะพะตะน ะถะธะทะฝัŒัŽ ะธ ะฝะต ะถะธะฒัƒั‚ ั€ะฐะดะธ ะพะดะพะฑั€ะตะฝะธั ะพั‚ ะดั€ัƒะณะธั…. ะžะฝะธ, ะบะฐะบ ะฟั€ะฐะฒะธะปะพ, ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒัƒัŽั‚ ัะตะฑั ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะพ. ะญั‚ะพ ะฝะฐั…ะพะดะธั‚ัั ะฒ ั€ะตะทะบะพะผ ะบะพะฝั‚ั€ะฐัั‚ะต ั ะฟะพัั‚ะพัะฝะฝะพะน ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะพะน ยซะฝะฐ ะธะทะฝะพัยป ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั‚ะฝะพะณะพ ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตะบะฐ.

    ะšะฐะบ ะธ ะฒะพ ะฒัะตะผ, ัะปะธัˆะบะพะผ ะผะฝะพะณะพ ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะตะณะพ ะผะพะถะตั‚ ัั‚ะฐั‚ัŒ ะฟั€ะพะฑะปะตะผะพะน. ะ’ ัะปัƒั‡ะฐะต ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ, ะบะฐะบ ะพั‚ะผะตั‡ะฐัŽั‚ ะฟัะธั…ะพะปะพะณะธ, ัะปะธัˆะบะพะผ ะผะฝะพะณะพ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ ะผะพะถะตั‚ ะฟั€ะธะฒะตัั‚ะธ ะบ ยซะณั€ัƒะฟะฟะพะฒะพะผัƒ ะผั‹ัˆะปะตะฝะธัŽยป, ัะธะฝะดั€ะพะผัƒ ยซั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตะบ-ะดะฐยป ะธะปะธ ะฝะตัƒะผะตัั‚ะฝะพะผัƒ ะฟะพะดั‡ะธะฝะตะฝะธัŽ.

    ะกะบะพั‚ั‚ ะะนะทะตะบัะตะฝ, ะดะธั€ะตะบั‚ะพั€ ะฟะพ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธัะผ ะฒ ะพะฑะปะฐัั‚ะธ ั‚ะฒะพั€ั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ ะฒ Buffalo State College, ะพะฑัŠััะฝัะตั‚: ยซะ•ัะปะธ ะฒัะต ะพะบะฐะทั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‚ัั ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐัŽั‰ะธะผะธ ะฝะฐ ะพะดะฝะพะน ัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝะต, ะพะฝะธ ั‚ะตั€ััŽั‚ ะบั€ะธั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะธะน ะฒะทะณะปัะด ะฝะฐ ะฟั€ะพะฑะปะตะผัƒ. ะ’ัะต ะพะฝะธ ะตะดะธะฝะพะณะปะฐัะฝะพ ะผะพะณัƒั‚ ั€ะตัˆะธั‚ัŒ ะดะตะปะฐั‚ัŒ ะฝะตะฟั€ะฐะฒะธะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ะฒะตั‰ะธ. ะฅะพั‚ั ะฝะตั‚ ะฝะธะบะฐะบะธั… ัะพะผะฝะตะฝะธะน, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะบะพะพะฟะตั€ะฐั‚ะธะฒะฝะฐั ัั€ะตะดะฐ ัƒะฒะตะปะธั‡ะธะฒะฐะตั‚ ะบะพะปะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ะธะดะตะน, ัƒะปัƒั‡ัˆะฐะตั‚ ะบะฐั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ั€ะตะทัƒะปัŒั‚ะฐั‚ะฐ ะธ ัะฟะพัะพะฑัั‚ะฒัƒะตั‚ ัƒะปัƒั‡ัˆะตะฝะธัŽ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‡ะตะน ัั€ะตะดั‹, ะฒะทะฐะธะผะพะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธะต ะดะพะปะถะฝะพ ะฑั‹ั‚ัŒ ะฟะพัั‚ั€ะพะตะฝะพ ั‚ะฐะบะธะผ ะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะพะฑะตัะฟะตั‡ะธะฒะฐะปะฐััŒ ั†ะตะปะพัั‚ะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ะฟั€ะพะตะบั‚ะฐยป. ะŸั€ะพั‰ะต ะณะพะฒะพั€ั, ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ัะฒะปัะตั‚ัั ะฟั€ะฐะฒะธะปะพะผ, ะฝะพ ะพะฑัŠะตะบั‚ะธะฒะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ะดะพะปะถะฝะฐ ะฑั‹ั‚ัŒ ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝะตะฝะฐ.

    ะ•ัั‚ัŒ ัะฟะพัะพะฑั‹ ะพะฑะปะตะณั‡ะธั‚ัŒ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ, ะธ ะพะฝะธ ะพะดะธะฝะฐะบะพะฒะพ ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะพ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐัŽั‚ ะดะปั ะปัŽะฑะพะน ัั€ะตะดั‹, ะพั‚ ะบั€ัƒะฟะฝะพะณะพ ะฑะธะทะฝะตัะฐ ะดะพ ะดะตั‚ัะบะพะณะพ ั„ัƒั‚ะฑะพะปะฐ.

    ะค ะพะบัƒัะธั€ัƒะนั‚ะตััŒ ะฝะฐ ยซัะดะตะปะฐั‚ัŒ ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะพยป. ะะนะทะตะบัะตะฝ ัƒะบะฐะทั‹ะฒะฐะตั‚, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฟะพะฟั‹ั‚ะบะฐ ยซัะดะตะปะฐั‚ัŒ ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะพยป ะธ ะฟะพะฟั‹ั‚ะบะฐ ยซะฟะพะฑะธั‚ัŒ ะดั€ัƒะณะธั…ยป โ€” ะดะฒะฐ ั€ะฐะทะฝั‹ั… ะฟัะธั…ะธั‡ะตัะบะธั… ะฟั€ะพั†ะตััะฐ. ะะตะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ ัะบะพะฝั†ะตะฝั‚ั€ะธั€ะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒัั ะฝะฐ ะพะฑะพะธั…. ะ˜ะท ัั‚ะธั… ะดะฒัƒั…, ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ั ัะฐะผะธะผ ัะพะฑะพะน ะธ ะดั€ัƒะณะธะผะธ ะดะปั ัะพะทะดะฐะฝะธั ะฟะพะปะพะถะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพะณะพ ั€ะตะทัƒะปัŒั‚ะฐั‚ะฐ ะดะฐะตั‚ ะฑะพะปัŒัˆัƒัŽ ะฝะฐะณั€ะฐะดัƒ.
    ะ’ั‹ะดะตะปัะนั‚ะต ะดะพัั‚ะฐั‚ะพั‡ะฝะพ ะฒั€ะตะผะตะฝะธ. ะกะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ะทะฐะผะตะดะปัะตั‚ัั ะฒะฟะปะพั‚ัŒ ะดะพ ะฟะพะปะฝะพะน ะพัั‚ะฐะฝะพะฒะบะธ ะฟะพ ะผะตั€ะต ัƒะฒะตะปะธั‡ะตะฝะธะต ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั ะฒั€ะตะผะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ั„ะฐะบั‚ะพั€ะฐ. ะ—ะฐะบะฐะฝั‡ะธะฒะฐัŽั‰ะตะตัั ะฒั€ะตะผั ะฟั€ะธะฒะพะดะธั‚ ะบ ะฝะตัะพะณะปะฐัะธัŽ, ัะฝะธะถะตะฝะธัŽ ะพะฑะผะตะฝะฐ ะธะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธะตะน ะธ ัƒะถะตัั‚ะพั‡ะตะฝะธัŽ ั‚ั€ะตะฑะพะฒะฐะฝะธะน ะบ ะดั€ัƒะณะพะน ัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝะต. ะ’ะพัะฟั€ะธัั‚ะธะต ะดะพัั‚ะฐั‚ะพั‡ะฝะพะณะพ ะฒั€ะตะผะตะฝะธ ัะฟะพัะพะฑัั‚ะฒัƒะตั‚ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒัƒ.
    ะ ะฐะทะณะพะฒะฐั€ะธะฒะฐะนั‚ะต ะฝะฐ ะพะดะฝะพะผ ัะทั‹ะบะต. ะ•ัะปะธ ะบั‚ะพ-ั‚ะพ ะฟั€ะธะณะปะฐัˆะฐะตั‚ ะฒะฐั ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ ะฒ ะบะพะฝะบั€ะตั‚ะฝะพะผ ะฟั€ะตะดะฟั€ะธัั‚ะธะธ, ะทะฐะดะฐะฒะฐะนั‚ะต ะฒะพะฟั€ะพัั‹, ะธัะฟะพะปัŒะทัƒั ั‚ะต ะถะต ั‚ะตั€ะผะธะฝั‹, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะพะฝะธ ะธัะฟะพะปัŒะทะพะฒะฐะปะธ ะดะปั ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะธั ัะฒะพะตะณะพ ะฟะปะฐะฝะฐ. ะะนะทะตะบัะตะฝ ะพะฑัŠััะฝัะตั‚: ยซะญั‚ะพ ัะพะทะดะฐะตั‚ ั‚ะพ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฟัะธั…ะพะปะพะณะธ ะฝะฐะทั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‚ ยซัะพะพั‚ะฒะตั‚ัั‚ะฒะธะต/ัะพะฒะผะตัั‚ะธะผะพัั‚ัŒยป, ะธ ะฒั‹, ะบะฐะถะตั‚ัั, ะฑัƒะดะตั‚ะต ะฑะพะปะตะต ะทะฐะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะตัะพะฒะฐะฝั‹ ะฒ ั‚ะตัะฝะพะผ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะต, ะดะฐะถะต ะตัะปะธ ะทะฐะดะฐั‡ะฐ ั‚ั€ะตะฑัƒะตั‚ ัะตั€ัŒะตะทะฝั‹ั… ัƒัะธะปะธะน ะธ ัะฑะพั€ะฐ ะดะพะฟะพะปะฝะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพะน ะธะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธะธ.
    ะ ะฐะทะดะตะปะธั‚ะต ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‚ะฒะพ. ะะนะทะตะบัะตะฝ ะฒะธะดะธั‚ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ะบะฐะบ ั„ะพั€ะผัƒ ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‚ะฒะฐ, ั€ะฐะฒะฝะพะผะตั€ะฝะพ ั€ะฐัะฟั€ะตะดะตะปะตะฝะฝัƒัŽ ะผะตะถะดัƒ ะฒัะตะผะธ ั‡ะปะตะฝะฐะผะธ ะณั€ัƒะฟะฟั‹. ะ”ะตะปัััŒ ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‚ะฒะพะผ, ะฒั‹ ะฟะพะทะฒะพะปัะตั‚ะต ะดั€ัƒะณะธะผ ะฒะทัั‚ัŒ ะฝะฐ ัะตะฑั ะธะฝะธั†ะธะฐั‚ะธะฒัƒ ะฒ ะบะฐั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะต ะฝะตะพั‚ัŠะตะผะปะตะผะพะน ั‡ะฐัั‚ะธ ะณั€ัƒะฟะฟั‹. ะ’ะพะทะฝะธะบะฐะตั‚ ะฟะพะฒั‹ัˆะตะฝะฝะพะต ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒะพ ยซัะพะฑัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ะธยป ะฝะฐ ะฑะธะทะฝะตั-ะฟะปะฐะฝั‹ ะธ ะธะดะตะธ ะฒัะตะผะธ ั‡ะปะตะฝะฐะผะธ ะณั€ัƒะฟะฟั‹, ะธ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‡ะฐั ัั€ะตะดะฐ ัั‚ะฐะฝะพะฒะธั‚ัั ะฟั€ะธัั‚ะฝะพะน.
    ะ˜ะทัƒั‡ะธั‚ะต ะบะพะพะฟะตั€ะฐั‚ะธะฒะฝั‹ะต ัั€ะตะดัั‚ะฒะฐ ั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธั ะฟั€ะพะฑะปะตะผ. ะะนะทะตะบัะตะฝ ัƒะบะฐะทั‹ะฒะฐะตั‚, ั‡ั‚ะพ ัั‚ะพ ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพ ั‚ะฒะพั€ั‡ะตัะบะธะต ะธะฝัั‚ั€ัƒะผะตะฝั‚ั‹ ะฟะพะด ะดั€ัƒะณะธะผ ะฝะฐะทะฒะฐะฝะธะตะผ. ะ’ะพะทัŒะผะตะผ, ะฝะฐะฟั€ะธะผะตั€, ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะพะน ะธะฝัั‚ั€ัƒะผะตะฝั‚ ะผะพะทะณะพะฒะพะณะพ ัˆั‚ัƒั€ะผะฐ. ะงั‚ะพ ะฟั€ะพะธัั…ะพะดะธั‚, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะฒัะตั… ะฟั€ะธะณะปะฐัˆะฐัŽั‚ ะฟั€ะตะดะปะพะถะธั‚ัŒ ัะฐะผั‹ะต ยซะดะธะบะธะตยป ะธะดะตะธ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะทะฐั‚ะตะผ ะฝะฐะนั‚ะธ ัะฟะพัะพะฑั‹, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะผะธ ะพะฝะธ ะผะพะณัƒั‚ ัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ, ัะพะทะดะฐะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะธะปะธ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ. ะ”ั€ัƒะณะธะต ะผะตั‚ะพะดั‹ ะฒะบะปัŽั‡ะฐัŽั‚ ะฒ ัะตะฑั ะฟั€ะธะพัั‚ะฐะฝะพะฒะบัƒ ััƒะถะดะตะฝะธะน, ัƒั‚ะพั‡ะฝะตะฝะธะต ั†ะตะปะธ ะธ ะทะฐะดะฐั‡ ะดะพ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ, ะฐ ั‚ะฐะบะถะต ะพั†ะตะฝะบัƒ ะฟะปะฐะฝะพะฒ ะดั€ัƒะณะธั… ะปัŽะดะตะน ะฒ ะฝะตัƒะณั€ะพะถะฐัŽั‰ะตะน ะผะฐะฝะตั€ะต.
    ะกะพะฑะปัŽะดะฐะนั‚ะต ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟ ะฒะทะฐะธะผะฝะพัั‚ะธ. ะšะพะณะดะฐ ะบั‚ะพ-ั‚ะพ ะฟะพะผะพะณะฐะตั‚ ะฒะฐะผ, ะฝะต ะทะฐะฑัƒะดัŒั‚ะต ะฟะพะผะพั‡ัŒ ะธะผ. ะ’ั‹ั€ะฐะทะธั‚ะต ัะฒะพัŽ ะฑะปะฐะณะพะดะฐั€ะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ะธ ะฟะพะผะพะณะธั‚ะต ะธะผ ะฟั€ะตะถะดะต, ั‡ะตะผ ะพะฝะธ ะพะถะธะดะฐัŽั‚. ะŸะพะปะธั‚ะธะบะฐ ะฒัะตะพะฑั‰ะตะน ะฒะทะฐะธะผะฝะพัั‚ะธ โ€” ะปัŽะดะธ ะฟะพะผะพะณะฐัŽั‚ ะปัŽะดัะผ โ€” ะพะฑะปะตะณั‡ะฐะตั‚ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ. ะญั‚ะฐ ะผะตั‚ะพะดะธะบะฐ, ะบะฐะบ ะฑั‹ะปะพ ะดะพะบะฐะทะฐะฝะพ ัะผะฟะธั€ะธั‡ะตัะบะธ (ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒ ะพะฑะปะฐัั‚ะธ ะผะตะถะดัƒะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฝั‹ั… ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธะน), ัะฒะปัะตั‚ัั ะพะดะฝะธะผ ะธะท ะฝะตะผะฝะพะณะธั… ัะฟะพัะพะฑะพะฒ ะดะพะฑะธั‚ัŒัั ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ ั ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒะฝะพะน ัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝะพะน.
    ะกะพะฒะผะตัั‚ะฝะพ ะธัะฟะพะปัŒะทัƒะนั‚ะต ั€ะตััƒั€ัั‹ ะธ ะธะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธัŽ. ะšะพะณะดะฐ ะปัŽะดะธ ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะธั€ัƒัŽั‚ ะทะฐ ะทะฝะฐะฝะธั, ั€ะฐะฑะพั‡ะตะต ะผะตัั‚ะพ, ะฟะตั€ัะพะฝะฐะป, ะธะปะธ ั‡ั‚ะพ-ะฝะธะฑัƒะดัŒ ะตั‰ะต, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะผะพะถะตั‚ ะฟะพะผะพั‡ัŒ ะธะผ ัะดะตะปะฐั‚ัŒ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ัƒะผะตะฝัŒัˆะฐะตั‚. ะžะฑะผะตะฝ ั€ะตััƒั€ัะฐะผะธ, ะฝะฐะพะฑะพั€ะพั‚, ะฟะพะพั‰ั€ัะตั‚ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ ะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตะบะฐ ั ะดั€ัƒะณะธะผ.
    ะฃะบั€ะตะฟะปัะนั‚ะต ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดะฝั‹ะน ะดัƒั…. ะ’ะผะตัั‚ะพ ั‚ะพะณะพ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ั…ะฒะฐะปะธั‚ัŒ ะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตะบะฐ ะทะฐ ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะพ ะฒั‹ะฟะพะปะฝะตะฝะฝัƒัŽ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ะธัะฟะพะปัŒะทัƒะนั‚ะต ะบะพะปะปะตะบั‚ะธะฒะฝั‹ะน ะฟะพะดั…ะพะด ะบ ั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธัŽ ะฟั€ะพะฑะปะตะผ. ะšะพะณะดะฐ ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดะฐ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐะตั‚ ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะพ, ะฒัั ะณั€ัƒะฟะฟะฐ ะฑัƒะดะตั‚ ะฒะพะทะฝะฐะณั€ะฐะถะดะตะฝะฐ. ะญั‚ะพ ะผะธะฝะธะผะธะทะธั€ัƒะตั‚ ะปะธั‡ะฝั‹ะน ะทะฐั‡ะตั‚ ะธ ะผะฐะบัะธะผะธะทะธั€ัƒะตั‚ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ. ะ ะฐัะฟั€ะตะดะตะปะธั‚ะต ะฒะพะทะฝะฐะณั€ะฐะถะดะตะฝะธะต ะฟะพั€ะพะฒะฝัƒ ะผะตะถะดัƒ ะฒัะตะผะธ ั‡ะปะตะฝะฐะผะธ ะณั€ัƒะฟะฟั‹.
    ะ”ะตะนัั‚ะฒัƒะนั‚ะต ัะพะพะฑั‰ะฐ. ะ˜ััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะฟะพะดั‚ะฒะตั€ะถะดะฐัŽั‚ ั‚ะพั‚ ั„ะฐะบั‚, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะปะธั†ะฐ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฑั‹ะปะธ ัะฒะธะดะตั‚ะตะปัะผะธ ัะพะฒะผะตัั‚ะฝั‹ั… ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธะน, ัะฒะปััŽั‚ัั ยซะฟะตั€ะตะฝะพัั‡ะธะบะฐะผะธ ะธ ั€ะฐัะฟั€ะพัั‚ั€ะฐะฝะธั‚ะตะปัะผะธยป, ั€ะฐะทะดะตะปััŽั‚ ะฝะตะบะพั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ัั‚ะตะฟะตะฝัŒ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ ัะพ ัะปะตะดัƒัŽั‰ะธะผ ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตะบะพะผ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ะพะณะพ ะพะฝะธ ะฒัั‚ั€ะตั‡ะฐัŽั‚. ะ’ ะปัŽะฑะพะต ะฒั€ะตะผั, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะฒั‹ ะฟะพะผะพะณะฐะตั‚ะต ะดั€ัƒะณะพะผัƒ ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตะบัƒ ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ัะตะฑั ะปัƒั‡ัˆะต, ะฒั‹ ัƒะฒะตะปะธั‡ะธะฒะฐะตั‚ะต ะฒะตั€ะพัั‚ะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ั‚ะพะณะพ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะพะฝ ัั‚ะฐะฝะตั‚ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ ั ะฒะฐะผะธ. ะšะฐะบ ั€ะตะทัŽะผะธั€ัƒะตั‚ ะะนะทะตะบัะตะฝ, ยซะ’ะฐัˆะธ ะดะตะปะฐ ะณะพะฒะพั€ัั‚ ะณั€ะพะผั‡ะต, ั‡ะตะผ ัะปะพะฒะฐ, ะธ ะฟะพะพั‰ั€ััŽั‚ ะดั€ัƒะณะธั… ะปัŽะดะตะน ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ ั ะฒะฐะผะธยป.
    ะ ะฐะดะธ ัะฒะพะตะณะพ ะทะดะพั€ะพะฒัŒั, ะฟะพะฟั€ะพะฑัƒะนั‚ะต ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ. ะกะดะตะปะฐะนั‚ะต ัั‚ะพ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะฟะพั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ, ะฝะฐัะบะพะปัŒะบะพ ะปัƒั‡ัˆะต ะฒั‹ ัะตะฑั ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒัƒะตั‚ะต, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะฐะตั‚ะต ั ะดั€ัƒะณะธะผะธ. ะšะฐะบ ะฟะพะปะฐะณะฐัŽั‚ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐั‚ะตะปะธ, ัั‚ะพะธั‚ ะฒะฐะผ ะพะดะฝะฐะถะดั‹ ะธัะฟั‹ั‚ะฐั‚ัŒ ะฟะพะปะพะถะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ัะผะพั†ะธะธ ะธ, ะบะฐะถะตั‚ัั, ะดะปั ะฒะฐั ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะต ะฝะตั‚ ะดั€ัƒะณะพะณะพ ัะฟะพัะพะฑะฐ ะฒั‹ะฟะพะปะฝัั‚ัŒ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ, ะทะฐ ะธัะบะปัŽั‡ะตะฝะธะตะผ ัะพะฒะผะตัั‚ะฝะพะณะพ.

    ะกะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ัะฒะปัะตั‚ัั ั†ะตะฝะฝั‹ะผ ั‚ะพะฒะฐั€ะพะผ, ะธ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐะตั‚ ะปัƒั‡ัˆะต ะฒัะตะณะพ, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะพะฝะพ ะดะฐะตั‚ัั ะดะฐั€ะพะผ ะธ ะบะพัะฒะตะฝะฝะพ ะฟะพะพั‰ั€ัะตั‚ัั. ะญั‚ะพ ัะฟะพัะพะฑัั‚ะฒัƒะตั‚ ะดะพะฑั€ะพะถะตะปะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะฟะพ ะพั‚ะฝะพัˆะตะฝะธัŽ ะธ ะบ ะผัƒะถั‡ะธะฝะฐะผ, ะธ ะถะตะฝั‰ะธะฝะฐะผ, ะธ ัั‚ะพ ะดะฐั€, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะน ัƒะผะตัั‚ะตะฝ ะฒ ะปัŽะฑะพะต ะฒั€ะตะผั. ะ’ ะบะพะฝั†ะต ะบะพะฝั†ะพะฒ, ะฟั€ัะผะพ ัะตะนั‡ะฐั โ€” ะฟะพะดั…ะพะดัั‰ะธะน ะผะพะผะตะฝั‚!

    http://www.charleswarner.us/articles/competit.htm

    Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., & Krotee, M.L. ยซThe relation between social interdependence and psychological health on the 1980 U.S. Olympic ice hockey team.ยป (May, 1986). Journal of Psychology, 120, 279-291.

    Kohn, A. ยซHow to succeed without even vying.ยป (September, 1986). Psychology Today, 20, 22-28.

    ะะฒั‚ะพั€ ะด-ั€ ะŸะตั€ั€ะธ ะ‘ะฐั„ั„ะธะฝะณั‚ะพะฝ (Perry W. Buffington)
    ะ˜ัั‚ะพั‡ะฝะธะบ charleswarner.us

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